 | | page 1 | | 1: | ŋawᵊnanta lemma: ŋaw°na 'past'
form: adv.poss-3sg
translation: Long ago there lived two Wayas.
χunananta lemma: xunana 'ago'
form: adv.poss-3sg
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
təńaweχᵊɁ lemma: tənʹa 'exist'
form: 3dl.prs.infr
inferential/narrative (N. 93)
default (present/aorist) tense is unmarked (N. 80), not indicated in glosses by Nikolaeva
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
translation: The two Wayas lived on the river bank.
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
default singular and nominative/absolutive case are morphologically unmarked (and, again, not glossed by Nikolaeva)
jəχaɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.gen
warᵊχəna lemma: war° 'bank'
form: sg.loc
jiľeweχᵊɁ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 3dl.prs.infr
jiťa lemma: yi 'water'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: The width of the river which flows in the Northern Sea (lit. of stinking water) is hundred fathoms.
ŋəbťeńa lemma: ŋəbtʹe 'stink'
form: ptcp-ipf
participles: for relative clauses, they ”define a fully-fledged clausal domain” (types: ipf, pf, fut, neg; N. 107)
jamtᵊɁ lemma: yam 'sea'
form: sg.dat
dative: has a lative (denoting motion towards) function as well, as in Mansi
χaɁmorta lemma: xaqmor 'fall'
form: ptcp-ipf
jəχaɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.gen
lata lemma: lata 'broad'
form: adjective
jur lemma: yur '100'
form: text numeral
ťībʹa lemma: tʹībʹa 'foot'
form: sg.nom
tərća lemma: tərcʹa 'such'
form: relative
translation: They lived near such a river, by the rivermouth.
jəχaɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.gen
χǣwᵊχəna lemma: xǣw°xəna 'near'
form: preposition
jiľeweχᵊɁ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 3dl.prs.infr
jəχaɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.gen
malᵊχəna lemma: mal° 'end'
form: sg.loc
| | 2: | jəχaďiɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.nom.poss-3dl
translation: Their river split into two channels.
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
tarkawᵊna lemma: tarka 'fork'
form: sg.prol
χǣwiᵊ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3sg.prs.infr
mʹaťiɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.nom.poss-3dl
translation: Their tent stood on the cape of the split
tarka lemma: tarka 'fork'
form: sg.nom
səľaχəna lemma: səlʹa 'cape'
form: sg.loc
ŋǣwiᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.infr
ťikiᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: demonstrative
translation: These two Wayas didn’t have many reindeer, only 300
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
Wajəntᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen.poss-2sg
ŋoka lemma: ŋoka 'many'
form: adjective
teďiɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.nom.poss-3dl
jəŋkuɁ lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg.poss-3pl
non-verbal predicates, inflected for tense: pos tənʹa°, neg yəŋku (N. 250)
teďiɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.nom.poss-3dl
ńaχᵊr lemma: nʹax°r '3'
form: text numeral
jur lemma: yur '100'
form: text numeral
ńaχᵊr lemma: nʹax°r '3'
form: text numeral
translation: Five children of the older Waya were busy looking after (lit. gathering) their 300 reindeer.
jur lemma: yur '100'
form: text numeral
tekoćamťiɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: sg.acc.dim.poss-3dl
məɁᵊlampədaŋeᵊ lemma: məq°lampə 'gather'
form: ptcp-ipf.ess
essive -ŋe° (N. 39)
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
WajᵊɁ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen
səmpᵊľaŋkᵊ lemma: səmp°lʹaŋk° '5'
form: text numeral
ŋəćekiᵊ lemma: ŋəcʹeki° 'child'
form: sg.nom
təńaᵊ lemma: tənʹa°
form: pos
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: The older Waya was married,
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ńesawejᵊ lemma: nʹe 'woman'
form: sg.nom.propr
proprietive -sawey° (N. 32)
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: (but) the younger Waya didn’t have a wife yet
Wajəntᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen
ńeda lemma: nʹe 'woman'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
təmna lemma: təmna 'still'
form: adverb
jəŋku lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
ńanta lemma: nʹa (2) 'companion, brother'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
translation: He lived in his brother’s tent.
mʹakᵊna lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.loc
jiľeᵊ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 3sg.prs
śaᵊɁniᵊ lemma: sʹa°qni° 'after a while'
form: adverb
translation: Once, the older Waya said:
ŋǣbᵊta lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: cond.poss-3sg
Nenets conditional is technically a non-finite form, using nominal possessive (not predicative) endings to mark the subject (N. 110).
ŋoɁ lemma: ŋoq 'too'
form: adverb
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
definite use of poss.suffix: ʹand this Waya of yours...ʹ
ʹa raz ti tento tvoj veľký Waya, no čože ti nepovie!ʹ
ńīwᵊɁ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg
alt.analysis: dub
dubitative =m°h ʹindeedʹ (N. 121)
manᵊɁ lemma: ma 'say'
form: conneg
connegative form (formally as subj. 2sg.imp: ʹindeed do say!ʹ, N. 115)
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: ʺLittle Waya, autumn has arrived.ʺ
WajeɁ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.foc
focus =(ŋo)w°/=ey° (N. 118)
numta lemma: num 'sky'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
??
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
affirmative -xəwa (N. 129)
ŋerʹojᵊma lemma: ŋerʹo 'autumn'
form: an-pf
annotated autumn.V by Nikolaeva
temʹiɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: sg.nom.poss-1dl
translation: ʺWe have 300 reindeer.ʺ
ńaχᵊr lemma: nʹax°r '3'
form: text numeral
jur lemma: yur '100'
form: text numeral
| | 3: | jiľebćəᵊm lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: sg.acc
translation: ʺLet’s go hunting for wild reindeer.ʺ
χadawənćᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: conv.purp
purposive converb/final gerund -məncʹ° (ʹto huntʹ, ~ ловитъ?, N. 110)
converbs: frozen case forms of deverbal nouns
χǣχᵊwaɁ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 1pl.hort
tesawejᵊ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: sg.nom.propr
translation: ʺWe will travel on reindeer.ʺ
χanᵊtəᵊńiɁ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 1dl.fut
ńūkᵊćińi lemma: ŋəcʹeki° 'child'
form: pl.nom.poss-1dl
translation: ʺMy children will stay at home to protect the tent.ʺ
mʹakᵊna lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.loc
χajojaɁ lemma: xay 'remain'
form: 3pl.juss
mʹadᵊm lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.acc
letᵊrampəᵊ lemma: let°rampə 'protect'
form: conv.mod
modal converb -° (ʹwhile protectingʹ, ~ хранѧще?, N. 110)
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The little Waya said:
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
maśejᵊ lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.pst.foc
Cyr. form differs, as given by Nikolaeva
ŋǣᵊjawa lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.juss
alt.analysis: asrt
translation: ʺOk.ʺ
assertive =ma/=wa (N. 120)
tərʹem lemma: tərʹem 'so'
form: particle
translation: ʺIf you say so, what (could go) wrong?”
mampətᵊ lemma: ma 'say'
form: cond.poss-2sg
ŋəmkeda lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
wǣwa lemma: wǣwa 'bad'
form: adjective
χūńana lemma: xūnʹana 'tomorrow'
form: adverb
translation: The next morning they got up and ate.
jurkiədᵊɁ lemma: yurkiə 'wake up'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
ŋoᵊrŋaɁ lemma: ŋo°rŋa 'eat'
form: 3pl.prs
təɁ lemma: tə (2) 'then'
form: sg.gen
translation: Then they made a small summer tent.
mʹaďikodəmtoɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.acc.dim.predest-3pl
acc. predestinative: object of ”typically verbs of creation and change of location” (N. 74)
śertaɁ lemma: sʹerta 'do'
form: 3pl.prs
ŋəmkerʹiɁ lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.gen.lim
translation: Why have a big tent when you can have a small one? A small tent to carry on a small sledge!
limitative -rʹi (ʹonlyʹ, N. 124)
toɁlᵊχa lemma: toql°xa 'like'
form: adverb
mʹaďikoća lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.nom.dim
ŋǣbᵊta lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: cond.poss-3sg
syntax: ??
ŋoɁ lemma: ŋoq 'too'
form: adverb
ŋəmke lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
mʹaɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣwᵊna lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.reput
reputative -məna/-w°na (ʹas ifʹ, ending as nominal prolative?, ”some kind of irrealis comparision”, N. 104)
glossed ”rep” in the source
mʹapojᵊ lemma: mʹapoy° 'small sledge'
form: sg.nom
mʹaďikoća lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.nom.dim
| | 4: | ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: The older Waya seemed to have about 50 sledges.
Wajəntᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen.poss-2sg
səmpᵊľaŋkᵊ lemma: səmp°lʹaŋk° '5'
form: text numeral
jūdᵊ lemma: yūq '10'
form: text numeral
mʹanᵊ lemma: mʹan° 'about'
form: adverb
χənᵊ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣdarəχa lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
approximative (situation witnessed by or familiar to the speaker, N. 101)
χəńaŋiᵊ lemma: xənʹaŋi° 'which'
form: sg.nom
translation: Some of them were loaded,
ťerᵊsawejᵊ lemma: tʹer° 'content'
form: sg.nom.propr
ŋǣdakiᵊɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3pl.prs.prob-ipf
probabilitative (based on -t(ʹ)aqxiə, less certain than dubitative, N. 99)
χəńaŋidoɁ lemma: xənʹaŋi° 'which'
form: sg.nom.poss-3pl
translation: and some were empty.
ťerᵊśəda lemma: tʹer° 'content'
form: ptcp-ipf
ŋǣdakiᵊɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3pl.prs.prob-ipf
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: Older Waya’s wife took ten sledges.
WajᵊɁ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen
ńe lemma: nʹe 'woman'
form: sg.nom
jūɁ lemma: yūq '10'
form: text numeral
χənᵊm lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.acc
sodaᵊ lemma: soda° 'take along'
form: 3sg.prs
χūńana lemma: xūnʹana 'tomorrow'
form: adverb
translation: The next day they left.
jamtejədᵊɁ lemma: yamteyə 'move on'
form: 3pl.prs.refl
ŋǣrʹoɁ lemma: ŋerʹo 'autumn'
form: sg.gen
translation: The three of them set off travelling in the month of great darkness, in autumn, in the month of wild reindeer bulls (October).
genitive: marks some temporal adjuncts (N. 61)
lit.: In autumn (gen), in the month of bulls (loc?), of their moving in the month of big darkness (acc??), they, being tree, were. (?)
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
mərᵊɁ lemma: mər° 'wild reindeer bull'
form: pl.gen
jiriᵊχəna lemma: yiri° 'month'
form: sg.loc
jamtawantoɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: an-ipf.gen.poss-3pl
imperfective action nominal/infinitive: clausal nominalization denoting simultaneous or posterior event (ʹof movingʹ, грѧдѫщїихъ?, perfective denote anterior ones, N. 108)
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
pǣwᵊďaɁ lemma: pǣw°dʹa 'darkness'
form: sg.gen
jiriᵊm lemma: yiri° 'month'
form: sg.acc
ńaχᵊrŋeᵊ lemma: nʹax°r '3'
form: text numeral
alt.analysis: sg.ess
meŋaɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3pl.prs
Morphem -ŋa is regularily attached to vowel-final stems (N. 26). It also appears as an augmentative suffix (p.139).
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: When the great darkness had finished, the sun started to appear little by little.
lit. ѿ веле-тьмꙑ съврьшенїа, по малꙋ слъньце мꙋ ꙗви сѧ
pǣwᵊďaɁ lemma: pǣw°dʹa 'darkness'
form: sg.gen
jolćᵊɁmaχədᵊ lemma: yolcʹ° 'finish'
form: an-pf.abl
χəćaɁ lemma: xəcʹah 'a bit'
form: adverb
χajerta lemma: xayer 'sun'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
ŋəďimʹa lemma: ŋədʹi 'be visible'
form: 3sg.prs.inch
ťedaχəwᵊ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: There were many wild reindeer at that time.
jiľᵊbćəɁ lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: pl.nom
ŋokańuɁ lemma: ŋoka 'many'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: excl
exclamative!
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: The older Waya said:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
maśejᵊ lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.pst.foc
ťukonᵊɁ lemma: tʹukon°h 'to here'
form: adv.dat
translation: ”Let’s camp here!”
directional adverb (N. 50)
ŋesoχəwaɁ lemma: ŋeso 'camp'
form: 1pl.hort
| | 5: | mʹatoɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.acc.poss-3pl
translation: They set up a tent there.
formally nom? (acc.poss-3pl: -m-toh, N. 67)
təɁ lemma: tə 'summer'
form: adv.gen
meᵊdoɁ lemma: me° 'set up'
form: 3pl.prs.obj-sg
tekoćidoɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: sg.nom.dim.poss-3pl
translation: They had about 60 reindeer.
mətᵊɁ lemma: mət°q '6'
form: text numeral
jūɁ lemma: yūq '10'
form: text numeral
ŋǣdakiᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.prob
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya saw:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
siᵊrŋa lemma: si°rŋa 'look'
form: 3sg.prs
ńerᵊńana lemma: nʹer°nʹana 'before'
form: adverb
translation: there was a river with willow bushes on the bank in front of them.
ńero lemma: nʹero 'willow bush'
form: sg.nom
warᵊda lemma: war° 'bank'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
jəχa lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣwiᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.infr
ťaχᵊ lemma: tʹax° 'back'
form: adverb
translation: Wild reindeer could be seen on the other side of the river
ńaŋiᵊ lemma: nʹa 'at'
form: adjective
χǣwᵊχəna lemma: xǣw° 'side'
form: sg.loc
jiľebćəɁ lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: pl.nom
ŋəďiɁ lemma: ŋədʹi 'be visible'
form: 3pl.prs
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: The older Waya went out of the tent (lit. appeared, started to be visible) and said:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
mʹakədᵊ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.abl
ŋəďimʹa lemma: ŋədʹi 'be visible'
form: 3sg.prs.inch
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
jebtowᵊɁ lemma: yebtow° 'darling'
form: sg.nom.foc
translation: ”Dear, what can you see?”
ŋəmkem lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.acc
məneɁŋanejᵊɁ lemma: məneq 'see'
form: 2sg.prs.foc
tajᵊna lemma: tay°na 'there'
form: demonstrative
translation: ”It seems there is prey there.”
χańeda lemma: xanʹeda 'prey'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣdarᵊχa lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
ťikiᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: demonstrative
translation: After they started hunting on that land, they filled all their sledges to the top
lit. ʹafter the begin of their hunt on this place...ʹ
jaχᵊna lemma: ya 'place'
form: sg.loc
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
χańelmanťiɁ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: an-pf.inch.poss-3dl
śamʹanᵊ lemma: sʹamʹan° 'most'
form: adverb
χənᵊmťiɁ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.acc.poss-3dl
malᵊɁ lemma: mal°h 'all'
form: adjective
panᵊdejᵊďiɁ lemma: pan°de 'fill'
form: 2/3dl.prs.obj-pl
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: The older Waya said:
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
maśejᵊ lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.pst.foc
ťebtaɁ lemma: tʹebta 'tomorrow'
form: adv.gen
translation: ”We could leave tomorrow,”
jamtaŋkunaćᵊ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: 1pl.fut-pst.refl
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
translation: ”but one of my big sledges is empty.”
śabuńi lemma: sʹabu 'cargo sledge'
form: sg.gen.poss-1sg
ťerᵊ lemma: tʹer° 'content'
form: sg.nom
jəŋku lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
| | 6: | ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya said:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
śaburᵊ lemma: sʹabu 'cargo sledge'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
translation: ”Leave it empty.”
ťerᵊśəjawa lemma: tʹer°sʹə 'empty'
form: sg.nom.jus
alt.analysis: asrt
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: ”Later when we travel, maybe we will kill one or two more wild reindeer.”
jamtawańiɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: an-ipf.gen.poss-1dl
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
məśiɁ lemma: məsʹiq 'maybe'
form: particle
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
jiľᵊbćəm lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: sg.acc
təmna lemma: təmna 'still'
form: adverb
χadaŋkuńiɁ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 1dl.fut
jəŋkowᵊɁ lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
alt.analysis: dub
translation: ”No!”
śabuńi lemma: sʹabu 'cargo sledge'
form: sg.gen.poss-1sg
translation: ”My big sledge is empty,”
ťerᵊ lemma: tʹer° 'content'
form: sg.nom
jəŋkuńuɁ lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
alt.analysis: excl
tərʹem lemma: tərʹem 'so'
form: particle
translation: ”that’s very bad.”
wǣwa lemma: wǣwa 'bad'
form: adjective
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: The older Waya harnessed four very black (reindeer),
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ťetᵊ lemma: tʹet° '4'
form: text numeral
pərʹiśeɁᵊm lemma: pərʹisʹeq° 'very black'
form: sg.acc
poďerŋa lemma: podʹer 'harness'
form: 3sg.prs
augmentative -ŋa ? (N. 139)
ŋǣdalejᵊɁ lemma: ŋǣdaley° 'start travel'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
translation: (and) he took off.
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya stayed at home (lit. in the tent),
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
mʹakᵊna lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.loc
χaji lemma: xay 'remain'
form: 3sg.prs
χənoda lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
translation: he prepared the sledges for travelling on the following day,
or sg.nom.poss-3sg ?
Nikolaeva: pl.acc.pl.3sg (but below: acc.pl.3sg)
χūńana lemma: xūnʹana 'tomorrow'
form: adverb
jamtawənćᵊ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: conv.purp
χamadampᵊdakiᵊ lemma: xamadamp° 'prepare'
form: 3sg.prs.prob-ipf
soda lemma: so 'harness'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
translation: (and he) prepared the harnesses.
pəkᵊľempədakiᵊ lemma: pək°lʹempə 'put on'
form: 3sg.prs.prob-ipf
jaľaɁ lemma: yalʹa 'day'
form: sg.gen
translation: All day long there were no news of older Waya.
jampənᵊɁ lemma: yampə 'long'
form: sg.dat
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
Wajəntᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen.poss-2sg
siŋkᵊrʹoda lemma: siŋk°rʹo 'news, noise'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
jəŋku lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
χurkanᵊɁ lemma: xurka 'which, what kind of'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: sg.dat
translation: Evening came but still no older Waya.
??
numta lemma: num 'sky'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
pǣwᵊśumʹa lemma: pǣw°sʹumʹa 'evening'
form: sg.nom
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen.poss-2sg
jəŋku lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
| | 7: | ŋəmkeda lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: What on earth happened to him?
χədᵊkejᵊɁ lemma: xəd°ke 'happen'
form: 3sg.prs
alt.analysis: foc
ŋańi lemma: ŋanʹi 'other'
form: adjective
translation: Another day came,
jaľa lemma: yalʹa 'day'
form: sg.nom
toᵊ lemma: to° 'come'
form: 3sg.prs
numta lemma: num 'sky'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: its sky got bright,
jalema lemma: yalema 'get bright'
form: 3sg.prs
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: but still - no older Waya.
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
təmna lemma: təmna 'still'
form: adverb
jəŋku lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
puχućada lemma: puxucʹa 'old woman, wife'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: His wife said:
maśejᵊ lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.pst.foc
ŋarʹejᵊɁ lemma: ŋarʹey°q 'hey!'
form: interjection
translation: ”Hey, my husband isn’t coming back!”
wǣsakomʹi lemma: wǣsako 'old man, husband'
form: sg.nom.poss-1sg
towanᵊɁ lemma: to° 'come'
form: an-ipf.dat
ńī lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: negation particle
χərwaɁ lemma: xərwa 'want'
form: conneg
məśiɁ lemma: məsʹiq 'maybe'
form: particle
translation: ”Maybe he’s killed many wild reindeer,”
ŋoka lemma: ŋoka 'many'
form: adjective
jiľebćəm lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: sg.acc
χadawekiᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 3sg.pst.prob
joχodakiᵊ lemma: yoxo 'get lost'
form: 3sg.prs.prob-ipf
translation: ”(or) got lost?”
pidərᵊ lemma: pidər 'you'
form: 2sg.nom
translation: ”You go,”
χańᵊɁ lemma: xanʹ° 'go'
form: 2sg.imp
pʹūlᵊjirᵊ lemma: pʹū 'search'
form: 2sg.subj.inch.obj-sg
translation: ”you have to start searching for him!”
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya said:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
pʹūwənćᵊ lemma: pʹū 'search'
form: conv.purp
translation: ”If I am to go to start searching for him, you pull down the tent.”
χǣbᵊɁnańi lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: cond-emph.poss-1sg
ŋodᵊɁ lemma: ŋod°q 'too'
form: adverb
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
mʹaɁlᵊ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
χaɁwᵊraᵊɁ lemma: xaqw°ra° 'bundle'
form: 2sg.imp
mʹūdᵊmʹiɁ lemma: mʹūd° 'caravan'
form: sg.acc.poss-1dl
translation: ”And let’s harness a reindeer caravan.”
poďerkəmʹiɁ lemma: podʹer 'harness'
form: 1dl.hort.obj-sg
hortative (1st person imperative) -xə- or -kə- (N. 86)
| | 8: | śeńejᵊ lemma: sʹenʹey° 'before, old'
form: adjective
translation: ”You travel back over the old road,”
ńedaɁ lemma: nʹeda 'old road'
form: sg.gen
mʹumńa lemma: mʹunʹa 'inside'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.prol
prolative form of a postposition (ʹthrough insideʹ, по срѣдѣ ?, N. 51)
pirᵊdərʹiɁ lemma: pir°də 'back'
form: adv.gen.lim
ʹback and nothing elseʹ ? (N. 125)
genitive (?) not glossed by Nikolaeva
jamtadᵊɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: 2sg.imp.refl
məńᵊ lemma: mənʹ 'I'
form: 1sg.nom
translation: ”and I will go and search for my brother.”
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
ńamʹi lemma: nʹa (2) 'companion, brother'
form: sg.nom.poss-1sg
pʹūwənćᵊ lemma: pʹū 'search'
form: conv.purp
χanᵊtədᵊm lemma: xanʹ° 'go'
form: 1sg.fut
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya harnessed his sister-in-law’s caravan.
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ńabanta lemma: nʹaba 'elder brotherʹs wife'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
mʹūdᵊm lemma: mʹūd° 'caravan'
form: sg.acc
poďerŋada lemma: podʹer 'harness'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
mʹata lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
translation: She took down the tent,
χaɁwᵊraᵊ lemma: xaqw°ra° 'bundle'
form: 3sg.prs
χənoda lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
translation: and prepared the sledges.
χuraᵊ lemma: xura° 'tie'
form: 3sg.prs
ńabada lemma: nʹaba 'elder brotherʹs wife'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: His sister-in-law went back.
pirᵊdərʹiɁ lemma: pir°də 'back'
form: adv.gen.lim
jamtejᵊɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
ŋańi lemma: ŋanʹi 'other'
form: adjective
translation: He had been using harnessed reindeer for his sledge for a long time, the ones that have two crooked horns.
χənᵊda lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
śiɁ lemma: sʹi 'harnessed reindeer'
form: pl.nom
ŋaχətᵊ lemma: ŋaxət° 'before'
form: adv.abl
metada lemma: me 'use, take'
form: ptcp-ipf.poss-3sg
ŋǣdakiᵊɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3pl.prs.prob-ipf
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
ńamtᵊ lemma: nʹamt° 'horn'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: sg.nom
pajᵊ lemma: pay° 'crooked'
form: adjective
ťikaχəjuda lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: dl.acc.poss-3sg
translation: He harnessed (the two of) them.
poďerŋa lemma: podʹer 'harness'
form: 3sg.prs
Naronta lemma: naro 'skin for sitting'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
translation: He put two iron bows under the skin used for sitting on the sledge, on the right hand side.
ŋilᵊɁ lemma: ŋil°h 'to under'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.dat
χənᵊɁ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.gen
wǣ lemma: wǣ 'right'
form: adjective
ńaŋiᵊ lemma: nʹa 'at'
form: adjective
χǣwuwᵊna lemma: xǣw° 'side'
form: sg.prol
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
jeśa lemma: yesʹa 'iron'
form: adjective
ŋinᵊ lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: sg.nom
pəkᵊľeᵊ lemma: pək°lʹe° 'put'
form: 3sg.prs
| | 9: | ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Then the younger Waya went back over his brother’s tracks.
lit. ʹthrough his brotherʹs goingʹ
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ńanta lemma: nʹa (2) 'companion, brother'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
χǣɁmʹaɁ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: an-pf.gen
mʹumńa lemma: mʹunʹa 'inside'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.prol
χəja lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3sg.prs
ŋǣdaľowada lemma: ŋǣdal 'travel'
form: an-ipf.nom.poss-3sg
translation: His tracks could be seen very well.
lit. ʹhis travellingʹ
səwawᵊna lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adv.prol
ŋəďi lemma: ŋədʹi 'be visible'
form: 3sg.prs
χurkarʹi lemma: xurka 'which, what kind of'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: sg.nom.lim
translation: It seemed the elder brother had been killing and skinning all sorts of wild reindeer, and then moving on even further.
xurka-rʹi ʹany kindʹ (N. 127)
jiľebćəje lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: pl.acc
χadabəśᵊtəwiᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 3sg.hab.infr-ipf
jaχᵊśətᵊwiᵊ lemma: yax° 'skin'
form: 3sg.prs.hab.infr
təmna lemma: təmna 'still'
form: adverb
ńerᵊńaɁ lemma: nʹer°nʹah 'forth'
form: adv.dat
χǣśᵊtəwiᵊ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3sg.prs.hab.infr
ŋəmkeɁ lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.gen
translation: After a while, a river appeared in front of him.
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ńerᵊńana lemma: nʹer°nʹana 'before'
form: adverb
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
jəχako lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.nom.dim
ŋəďimʹa lemma: ŋədʹi 'be visible'
form: 3sg.prs.inch
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya reached the other side of the river.
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ťaχᵊ lemma: tʹax° 'back'
form: adverb
ńaɁ lemma: nʹah 'to, with'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.dat
tǣwiᵊɁ lemma: tǣwi° 'arrive'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
owᵊ lemma: ow° 'oh'
form: interjection
translation: “Oh, what’s that?”
takemʹi lemma: take 'that'
form: sg.nom.poss-1sg
ŋəmke lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: Then he saw:
məneɁŋada lemma: məneq 'see'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: the older Waya lies dead on the top of his sledge.
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
χabejᵊŋeᵊ lemma: xabey° 'dead'
form: sg.nom.ess
ľasiᵊ lemma: lʹasi° 'lie'
form: 3sg.prs
χənᵊta lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
ńińa lemma: nʹinʹa 'on'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ŋǣwada lemma: ŋǣwa 'head'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: His head was pierced by an arrow.
muŋkᵊχəna lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.loc
jədarawiᵊ lemma: yədara 'pierce'
form: 3sg.prs.infr
| | 10: | ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya thought:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
jīχᵊnanta lemma: yī 'mind'
form: sg.loc.poss-3sg
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
owᵊ lemma: ow° 'oh'
form: interjection
translation: “Oh, my poor older brother has been murdered.”
ńeᵊkajemʹi lemma: nʹe°ka 'elder brother'
form: sg.nom.pej.poss-1sg
məľeᵊ lemma: məlʹe° 'already'
form: adverb
χadarawiᵊɁ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 3sg.prs.pass.infr
suffix -ra-: ”derives lexical passives which belong to the reflexive past” (N. 226)
χumpaᵊnćiɁ lemma: xumpa°ncʹih 'in vain'
form: adverb
translation: ”What a shame he thought his cargo sledge was so empty,”
śabumta lemma: sʹabu 'cargo sledge'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
ťerᵊśədaŋeᵊ lemma: tʹer°sʹə 'empty'
form: ptcp-ipf.ess
pǣᵊrmeda lemma: pǣ°r 'treat'
form: 3sg.prs.infr.obj-sg
təmna lemma: təmna 'still'
form: adverb
translation: ”it seems like he just wanted to kill more wild reindeer,”
śanᵊ lemma: sʹan° 'some''some'
form: adjective
jiľebćəm lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: sg.acc
χadawanᵊɁ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: an-ipf.dat
χərwawakiᵊ lemma: xərwa 'want'
form: 3sg.pst.prob
χawarʹimta lemma: xa 'die'
form: an-ipf.acc.lim.poss-3sg
translation: ”(but) he only found death.”
lit. ʹonly his dyingʹ
χoweda lemma: xo 'find'
form: 3sg.prs.infr.obj-sg
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya went further along the bank of the river where willow bushes grew.
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ńerᵊńaɁ lemma: nʹer°nʹah 'forth'
form: adverb
ŋǣdalejᵊɁ lemma: ŋǣdaley° 'start travel'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
ńero lemma: nʹero 'willow bush'
form: sg.nom
jəχakoɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.gen.dim
waruwəna lemma: war° 'bank'
form: sg.prol
jəχakoɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.gen.dim
translation: At the rivermouth there were two steep hills covered with snow.
ńaɁwᵊχəna lemma: nʹaqw° 'entry'
form: sg.loc
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
sirasawejᵊ lemma: sira 'snow'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: sg.nom.propr
ləŋkᵊ lemma: ləŋk° 'steep hill'
form: sg.nom
təńaweχᵊɁ lemma: tənʹa 'exist'
form: 3dl.prs.infr
tǣwᵊɁmaχədᵊnta lemma: tǣwi° 'arrive'
form: an-pf.abl.poss-3sg
translation: When he arrived, he saw two Tunguses (two painted faces) walking.
məneɁŋada lemma: məneq 'see'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
finite clause as a direct object (cf. N. 285, example 4b)
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jaďermeχᵊɁ lemma: yadʹer 'walk'
form: 3dl.prs.infr
| | 11: | jekarᵊɁ lemma: yekar°q 'it is unknown'
form: particle
translation: It wasn’t clear why they were walking;
χəɁmanćᵊ lemma: xəqman 'what to say'
form: conv.mod
cf. N. 265
jaďermiᵊ lemma: yadʹer 'walk'
form: ptcp-pf
ŋǣbᵊɁnanťiɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: cond-emph.poss-3dl
məśiɁ lemma: məsʹiq 'maybe'
form: particle
translation: maybe they were hunting?
χańewakeχᵊɁ lemma: xanʹe 'hunt'
form: 3dl.pst.prob
tədᵊχəwᵊɁ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adv.aff
translation: As soon as the two Tunguses saw the younger Waya, they readied their bows.
lit.: ʹand then, the two painted-faces, seeing the younger Waya, ready their bowsʹ
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
Wajᵊm lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.acc
mənećᵊ lemma: məneq 'see'
form: conv.mod
ŋinᵊťiɁ lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: dl.acc.poss-3dl
ńarᵊχəlaŋaχᵊɁ lemma: nʹar°xəla° 'make ready'
form: 3dl.prs
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: What was younger Waya to do then?
lit. ʹwhat would W. wait for then?ʹ (?)
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: noun
ťikawaχəna lemma: tʹukoxəna 'here'
form: adv.loc.aff
ŋəmkenᵊɁ lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom.dat
ŋəťenəŋku lemma: ŋətʹenə 'wait'
form: 3sg.fut
ŋinᵊmta lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
translation: He pulled out also his bow,
ŋobťikiᵊ lemma: ŋobtʹiki° 'also'
form: adverb
nekᵊlŋada lemma: nek°lŋa 'pull out'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
translation: he pulled out two iron arrows.
jeśa lemma: yesʹa 'iron'
form: adjective
muŋkᵊm lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.acc
nekᵊlŋa lemma: nek°lŋa 'pull out'
form: 3sg.prs
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
translation: The ends of the two iron arrows (were) like seagull’s beaks.
jeśa lemma: yesʹa 'iron'
form: adjective
muŋkᵊ lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.nom
malᵊďiɁ lemma: mal° 'end'
form: pl.gen.poss-3dl
χəlewᵊɁ lemma: xəlew° 'seagull'
form: sg.gen
pijarəχaχᵊɁ lemma: piya 'nose'
form: sg.nom.sim.pred-3dl
sic!
similative adjective with -rəxa: ʹnose-like, носовитъʹ
predicative nominal endings - N. 76
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
translation: He shot two arrows.
muŋkᵊm lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.acc
ŋǣdᵊtaŋaχəjuda lemma: ŋǣd°taŋa 'send'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-dl
śudᵊsawejᵊ lemma: sʹud° 'whistle'
form: sg.nom.propr
translation: They went whistling.
χəjaχᵊɁ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3dl.prs
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: Where would the two painted-faces go?
padᵊweχᵊɁ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf.dl
χəńaɁ lemma: xənʹah 'to where'
form: adv.dat
χanᵊtəŋaχᵊɁ lemma: xanʹ° 'go'
form: 3dl.fut
| | 12: | χaśᵊ lemma: xa 'die'
form: conv.mod
translation: They fell on their backs dead.
ľasejəχᵊɁ lemma: lʹasi° 'lie'
form: 3dl.prs.refl
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya went back.
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ťaχᵊɁ lemma: tʹax° 'back'
form: adv.dat
ŋǣdalejᵊɁ lemma: ŋǣdaley° 'start travel'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
śanədᵊɁ lemma: sʹanəd°h 'how much'
form: interrogative
translation: After travelling for a while, he arrived in a sloping land surrounded by a forest.
lit. ʹhowever much and far he would go...ʹ
χunədᵊɁ lemma: xunəd°h 'how far'
form: interrogative
mʹimpəta lemma: mʹim 'walk'
form: cond.poss-3sg
ŋodᵊɁ lemma: ŋod°q 'too'
form: adverb
pedaraɁ lemma: pedara 'forest'
form: sg.gen
jorkanᵊɁ lemma: yorka 'curve'
form: sg.dat
tǣwiᵊɁ lemma: tǣwi° 'arrive'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
pedaraɁ lemma: pedara 'forest'
form: sg.gen
translation: There were ten big tents in that sloping forested land.
jorkᵊχəna lemma: yorka 'curve'
form: sg.loc
jūɁ lemma: yūq '10'
form: text numeral
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
mʹaɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: pl.nom
jerkiᵊ lemma: yer 'middle'
form: adjective
translation: Somebody (was) sitting in front of the entrance of the middle tent.
mʹadᵊɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.gen
śīŋkᵊńa lemma: sʹīŋ 'side against an entrance'
form: sg.loc
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
ŋamťoda lemma: ŋamtʹi 'sit'
form: ptcp-ipf
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: It seemed to be the Tungus chief;
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣdakiᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.prob
śata lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: his whole face (was) covered with tattoos.
malᵊɁ lemma: mal°h 'all'
form: adjective
padᵊrcawejᵊ lemma: pad°r 'stripe, tattoo'
form: sg.nom.propr
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya looked and thought:
lit. ʹyounger Waya, looking, said in his mind:ʹ
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
siərćᵊ lemma: siər 'look'
form: conv.mod
jīχᵊńanta lemma: yī 'mind'
form: sg.loc.poss-3sg
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
ťedaχəwaɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: “What would be best to do now?”
lit. ʹnow, how to be good?ʹ ??
χəćerᵊɁ lemma: xəcʹer°q 'how''how'
form: interrogative
meśᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: conv.mod
səwa lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adjective
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: ”If I start using my bow against the Tungus chief, will I defeat him?”
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊm lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.acc
ŋinᵊχəna lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: sg.loc
pʹabᵊɁnańi lemma: pʹa 'begin'
form: cond-emph.poss-1sg
pʹirᵊdəɁľeŋkuwᵊ lemma: pʹir°dəqlʹe 'defeat'
form: 1sg.fut.obj-sg
| | 13: | tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: Then he prepared his bow.
ŋinᵊmta lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
ńarᵊχəlaᵊda lemma: nʹar°xəla° 'make ready'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
muŋkᵊda lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: He only had six arrows.
mətᵊpojᵊ lemma: mət°q '6'
form: text numeral
alt.analysis: sg.nom.moder
moderative -(m)poy°h: ”high degree of the property expressed by the adjective” (N. 135)
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
translation: The Tungus chief couldn’t be killed with a single arrow.
lit. ʹis not being killed/killable (оубиваемъ) with one arrowʹ ?
muŋkᵊχəna lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.loc
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
χadabəda lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: ptcp-ipf.dur
durative -bə (N. 45) in a present passive function (N. 240)
ńī lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: negation particle
ŋaɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: conneg
mətᵊɁ lemma: mət°q '6'
form: text numeral
translation: Maybe he could kill him if he shot all six arrows.
muŋkᵊχəna lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.loc
jeńerpəta lemma: yenʹer 'shoot'
form: cond.poss-3sg
məśiɁ lemma: məsʹiq 'maybe'
form: particle
χadabcuda lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 3sg.nec.obj-sg
necessitative -pcu: ”1st and 3rd person necessitative conveys expectation, some degree of certainty about a future event (‘should’), or deontic obligation” (N. 91)
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: Younger Waya tied up his reindeer,
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
tīda lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
śarəᵊ lemma: sʹarə° 'tie'
form: 3sg.prs
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: he took his bow and arrows,
ŋinᵊmta lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
muŋkᵊda lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
ŋobkᵊna lemma: ŋobk°na 'together, also'
form: adverb
ńəɁmᵊwida lemma: nʹəqm° 'grab'
form: 3sg.infr.obj-pl
mʹadoɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: pl.gen
translation: and he went to hide amongst the tents.
ńaɁ lemma: nʹah 'to, with'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.dat
liŋkaraᵊ lemma: liŋkara 'hide'
form: conv.mod
χəja lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3sg.prs
ŋuľiɁ lemma: ŋulʹiq 'very'
form: adverb
translation: He moved very quietly so that nobody could hear any noise.
janampokowᵊna lemma: yana 'quiet'
form: sg.nom.moder.dim
mʹiŋa lemma: mʹiŋa 'move'
form: 3sg.prs
siŋkᵊrʹomta lemma: siŋk°rʹo 'news, noise'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
thus in Cyr., possessor is marked as 2sg by Nikolaeva (typo? poss-2sg suffix is -mt° on p.67)
ńijićᵊ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.3pl.pst.subj
nəmtᵊɁ lemma: nəmt° 'hear'
form: conneg
təɁ lemma: tə (2) 'then'
form: adv.gen
translation: The Tungus chief sat on his sledge,
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
χənᵊɁ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.gen
ńińa lemma: nʹinʹa 'on'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ŋamtiᵊ lemma: ŋamtʹi 'sit'
form: 3sg.prs
janᵊdaɁmᵊna lemma: yan°da 'everywhere'
form: pl.prol
translation: he looked around.
siᵊsumpʹi lemma: si°sumpʹi 'look around'
form: 3sg.prs
| | 14: | ŋəmkeχərtᵊ lemma: ŋəmkexərt° 'nothing'
form: sg.nom.foc
translation: He didn’t seem to notice anything.
mənetada lemma: məneq 'see'
form: ptcp-ipf.poss-3sg
jəŋkodarᵊχa lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg.3sg.aprx-ipf
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: Then he took off his overcoat,
soᵊkəmta lemma: so°kə 'overcoat'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
jekaᵊda lemma: yeka° 'take off'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
mʹatᵊɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.dat
translation: and he went into the tent.
ťuᵊ lemma: tʹu 'enter'
form: 3sg.prs
pʹīχᵊńa lemma: pʹīx°nʹa 'outside'
form: adv.loc
translation: There was absolutely no one walking around outside;
jaďertadoɁ lemma: yadʹer 'walk'
form: ptcp-ipf.poss-3pl
ŋuľiɁ lemma: ŋulʹiq 'very'
form: adverb
jəŋku lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
ŋobkərtᵊ lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
alt.analysis: sg.foc
translation: not a dog, not even a child.
weńako lemma: wenʹako 'dog'
form: sg.nom
ŋawejᵊ lemma: ŋawey° 'even'
form: conjunction
ŋəćekiᵊ lemma: ŋəcʹeki° 'child'
form: sg.nom
jaďerćᵊ lemma: yadʹer 'walk'
form: conv.mod
”converbs do not occur in the independent function” (N. 110)
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya, hiding amongst the sledges, reached the middle tent.
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
χənoɁ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: pl.gen
pomᵊna lemma: pom°na 'between'
form: preposition
liŋkarʹoᵊ lemma: liŋkara 'hide'
form: conv.mod
jerkiᵊ lemma: yer 'middle'
form: adjective
mʹatᵊɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.dat
tǣwiᵊɁ lemma: tǣwi° 'arrive'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
ťorʹejᵊɁ lemma: tʹorʹ 'shout'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
translation: He shouted:
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: “Tungus chief, will you die in your tent?”
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerweɁ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom.foc
thus in Cyr.!
mʹakᵊnantᵊ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.loc.poss-2sg
χaśᵊ lemma: xa 'die'
form: conv.mod
pʹaŋkurᵊ lemma: pʹa 'begin'
form: 2sg.fut.obj-sg
pʹīnᵊɁ lemma: pʹīn°h 'out'
form: adv.dat
translation: “(or) will you come out?”
tərpᵊŋkunᵊ lemma: tərp° 'exit'
form: 2sg.fut
mʹadᵊɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.gen
translation: He heard shouting inside the tent:
lit. ʹinside the tent, (there was) his shouting to hearʹ ?
mʹuńa lemma: mʹunʹa 'inside'
form: adv.loc
ťorᵊ lemma: tʹorʹ 'shout'
form: 3sg.prs
sowononta lemma: so (2) 'hear'
form: 3sg.prs.aud.poss-3sg
auditive -manoh: evidential, ”auditory perceptions, as opposed to information received based on visual evidence” (N. 113), a non-finite form!
χībʹa lemma: xībʹa 'who'
form: sg.nom
translation: “Who’s there?”
toᵊ lemma: to 'there'
form: adverb
ńerᵊɁ lemma: nʹer°q 'before'
form: adverb
translation: “There was nobody outside before!”
pʹīχᵊna lemma: pʹīx°nʹa 'outside'
form: adv.loc
χībʹaχərtᵊ lemma: xībʹaxərt° 'nobody'
form: sg.nom
jəŋkuśᵊ lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg.pst
| | 15: | χībʹa lemma: xībʹa 'who'
form: sg.nom
translation: “Who comes?”
tūtəᵊ lemma: to° 'come'
form: 3sg.fut
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: “Your younger Waya is there!”
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
toᵊ lemma: to 'there'
form: adverb
ńeᵊkamʹi lemma: nʹe°ka 'elder brother'
form: sg.nom/acc.poss-1sg
translation: ”What were you doing, Tungus chief, when you killed my older brother?”
lit. ʹby killing my brother, o painted-face chief, what were you like?ʹ
χadawaχəna lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: an-ipf.loc
pidərᵊ lemma: pidər 'you'
form: 2sg.nom
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊŋeᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom.ess
ŋəmkerᵊχanəśᵊ lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom.sim
alt.analysis: 2sg.pst
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: ”Now I’ll find out what kind of person you are.”
mənetᵊɁ lemma: məneq 'see'
form: conneg.fut
ńīwəmᵊɁ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.1sg.prs.obj-sg
alt.analysis: dub
χurkanᵊ lemma: xurka 'which, what kind of'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ŋǣŋkobətᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: cond-fut.dur.poss-2sg
Nikolaeva commonly glosses imperfectivizing affixes as durative (-mpə or -bə), iterative and frequentative (N. 45) simply as ”impf”.
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: The Tungus jumped out.
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
pʹīnᵊɁ lemma: pʹīn°h 'out'
form: adv.dat
təraᵊda lemma: təra° 'jump'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
śudobʹa lemma: sʹudobʹa 'giant'
form: adjective
translation: He pulled out his giant bow to shoot.
lit. ʹfor his shootingʹ (стрѣлꙗнїа своего ради)
ŋinᵊmta lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
nekᵊlŋada lemma: nek°lŋa 'pull out'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
jeńermanta lemma: yenʹer 'shoot'
form: an-ipf.gen.poss-3sg
jeɁmᵊńa lemma: yeqm°nʹa 'for'
form: preposition
məľeᵊ lemma: məlʹe° 'already'
form: adverb
translation: He was about to loose an arrow, but the string of his bow broke.
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
muŋkᵊm lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.acc
ŋǣdtaŋkuśᵊ lemma: ŋǣd°taŋa 'send'
form: 3sg.fut-pst
N.: ŋǣdara-ŋku-sʹ°
ŋinᵊta lemma: ŋin° 'bow'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
jenᵊ lemma: yen° 'string'
form: sg.nom
nikᵊli lemma: nik°li 'break'
form: 3sg.prs
təɁ lemma: tə (2) 'then'
form: sg.gen
translation: Younger Waya shot a metal arrow without delay.
lit. ʹduring this (at the same time), your younger Waya, not delaying, shoots a metal arrowʹ
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ńīśᵊ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.3sg.pst
jaɁolaraɁ lemma: yaholara 'be late'
form: conneg
sic
jeśa lemma: yesʹa 'iron'
form: adjective
| | 16: | muŋkᵊχəna lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.loc
jadaᵊda lemma: yada° 'shoot'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
muŋkᵊda lemma: muŋk° 'arrow'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: And his arrow went whistling off.
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
śudᵊsawejᵊ lemma: sʹud° 'whistle'
form: sg.nom.propr
χəja lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3sg.prs
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: The Tungus chief fell on his back.
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊɁja lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom.aug
tərʹi lemma: tərʹi 'just'
form: adverb
ľasejᵊɁ lemma: lʹasi° 'lie'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
məχanta lemma: məxa 'back'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
ńiɁ lemma: nʹih 'onto'
form: adv.dat
χawanta lemma: xa 'die'
form: an-ipf.gen.poss-3sg
translation: He said before dying:
lit. ʹbefore his dyingʹ, the word glossed as ”inf.impf” by Nikolaeva
ńerᵊńa lemma: nʹer°nʹana 'before'
form: adverb
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
χumpaᵊnćiɁ lemma: xumpa°ncʹih 'in vain'
form: adverb
translation: ”A shame I let you go (lit. sent).”
śitᵊ lemma: pidər 'you'
form: 2sg.gen/acc (short)
ŋǣdaradəmćᵊ lemma: ŋǣdara 'send'
form: 1sg.pst
ńeᵊkamtᵊ lemma: nʹe°ka 'elder brother'
form: sg.acc.poss-2sg
translation: ”I should have killed you too, when I killed your elder brother.”
lit. ʹduring the killing of your brother, I have had to kill you tooʹ
χadawańi lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: an-ipf.gen.poss-1sg
maľᵊŋkəna lemma: malʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: adv.loc
śitᵊ lemma: pidər 'you'
form: 2sg.gen/acc (short)
ŋobtərʹem lemma: ŋobtərʹem 'so, too'
form: adverb
χadaᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: conv.mod
taraəśᵊ lemma: taraə 'need'
form: 3sg.pst
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: ”It looks like I’m about to die.”
χawᵊntarᵊχadᵊm lemma: xa 'die'
form: 1sg.fut.aprx
ťikiᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: demonstrative
translation: Having said these words, the Tungus chief died.
waďida lemma: wadʹi 'word'
form: pl.nom/acc.poss-3sg
mesomaχᵊdənta lemma: me 'use, take'
form: an-pf.abl.poss-3sg
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
χaᵊ lemma: xa 'die'
form: 3sg.prs
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: The younger Waya shouted:
lit. ʹsent a shoutʹ
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ťorᵊm lemma: tʹorʹ 'shout'
form: sg.acc
ŋǣdaraᵊ lemma: ŋǣdara 'send'
form: 3sg.prs
jūɁ lemma: yūq '10'
form: text numeral
translation: “Everyone in these ten tents, come out!”
mʹadᵊɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.gen
ťerᵊɁ lemma: tʹer° 'content'
form: pl.nom
”The expression of content often involves the additional word tʹer° roughly meaning ‘content’. It stands after the genitive noun denoting a container and functions as some kind of postposition in this case.” (N. 164)
| | 17: | pʹīnᵊɁ lemma: pʹīn°h 'out'
form: adv.dat
tərpiᵊdaɁ lemma: tərp° 'exit'
form: 2pl.imp
ťedaχəwaɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: “Now, your chief is no more.”
jerwᵊraɁ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom.poss-2pl
məľeᵊ lemma: məlʹe° 'already'
form: adverb
jəŋkuma lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg.inch
ťukuᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: demonstrative
translation: “Move away from this land, quickly!”
jaχədᵊ lemma: ya 'place'
form: sg.abl
mʹerᵊɁ lemma: mʹer° 'fast'
form: adv.gen
jamtajidaɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: 2pl.conj.refl
ťukuᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: demonstrative
translation: “This is probably the Wayas’ ancient land.”
ja lemma: ya 'place'
form: sg.nom
ŋaχətᵊ lemma: ŋaxət° 'before'
form: adv.abl
wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ja lemma: ya 'place'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣdakiᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.prob
ńibᵊta lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.cond.poss-3sg
translation: “If you don’t leave, everybody in the camp will die.”
lit. ʹwill killʹ ??
the verb is clearly a transitive one
jamtaɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: conneg
malᵊɁ lemma: mal°h 'all'
form: adjective
ŋīsiɁ lemma: ŋeso 'camp'
form: sg.gen
ťerᵊ lemma: tʹer° 'content'
form: sg.nom
χadaŋkunᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 2sg.fut
tədᵊχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: Then the younger Waya went to the outermost tent.
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
wariᵊ lemma: wari° 'outermost'
form: adjective
mʹatᵊɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.dat
χəja lemma: xaya
form: 3sg.prs
Wariᵊ lemma: wari° 'outermost'
form: adjective
translation: There was an old woman in this outermost tent,
mʹakᵊna lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.loc
puχućakońuɁ lemma: puxucʹa 'old woman, wife'
form: sg.nom.dim
alt.analysis: excl
śata lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
translation: her face was without tattoos.
padᵊrći lemma: pad°r 'stripe, tattoo'
form: 3sg.prs
alt.analysis: sg.nom.car
caritive (abessive) derivate, inflected form: ʹbe without ...ʹ (N. 37)
jedᵊm lemma: yed° 'kettle'
form: sg.acc
translation: She seemed to be cooking.
pʹirʹewiᵊ lemma: pʹirʹe 'cook'
form: 3sg.prs.infr
WaɁwᵊχəna lemma: waqw 'bed'
form: sg.loc
translation: Somebody was lying on the bed,
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
χońoda lemma: xonʹo 'sleep'
form: ptcp-ipf
jūśidaəśᵊ lemma: yūsʹida 'lie'
form: 3sg.prs
alt.analysis: 3sg.pst
sic
jilᵊŋiᵊ lemma: yil°ŋi° 'young'
form: adjective
translation: it seemed like a young man.
χasawa lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣdarᵊχańuɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
alt.analysis: excl
| | 18: | ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: When the younger Waya entered the tent, the old woman started waking up the sleeping one:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
mʹatᵊɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.dat
omitted in Nikolaeva’s transcript
ťumaχədᵊ lemma: tʹu 'enter'
form: an-pf.abl
puχućakorᵊ lemma: puxucʹa 'old woman, wife'
form: sg.nom.dim.poss-2sg
χońodamta lemma: xonʹo 'sleep'
form: ptcp-ipf.acc.poss-3sg
jurkᵊbtaᵊ lemma: yurkiə 'wake up'
form: conv.mod
pʹaᵊda lemma: pʹa 'begin'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
jurkədᵊɁ lemma: yurkiə 'wake up'
form: 2sg.imp.refl
translation: “Wake up,”
jeχarana lemma: yexara 'not know'
form: ptcp-ipf
translation: “there’s a stranger here!”
ńenećᵊɁ lemma: nʹenecʹ 'person, human'
form: sg.gen
glossed without a case
toᵊ lemma: to° 'come'
form: 3sg.prs
χońowiᵊ lemma: xonʹo 'sleep'
form: ptcp-pf
translation: The man who had been sleeping sat up.
χasawarᵊ lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ŋamťoᵊ lemma: ŋamtʹi 'sit'
form: conv.mod
χaɁmiᵊɁ lemma: xaqmor 'fall'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: He didn’t seem to have any tattoos either.
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
ŋobtərʹem lemma: ŋobtərʹem 'so, too'
form: adverb
ńiwiᵊ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.3sg.infr
alt.analysis: ptcp-pf
ŋaɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: conneg
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya sat on the bed.
Wajərᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
waɁwənᵊɁ lemma: waqw 'bed'
form: sg.dat
ŋamtiᵊɁ lemma: ŋamti
form: 3sg.prs.refl
jilᵊŋiᵊ lemma: yil°ŋi° 'young'
form: adjective
translation: The young man said:
χasawarᵊ lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
ŋəmke lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom
translation: “What tribe are you?”
lit. ʹwhat is your person(hood)ʹ, i.e. ʹwho are youʹ ?
ńenećantᵊ lemma: nʹenecʹ 'person, human'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
məńᵊ lemma: mənʹ 'I'
form: 1sg.nom
translation: (Younger Waya said:) “I am the younger Waya.”
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
Wajədᵊm lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
alt.analysis: 1sg.prs
ŋǣɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: conneg
ńīdəmᵊɁ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.1sg.prs
alt.analysis: foc
pidərᵊ lemma: pidər 'you'
form: 2sg.nom
translation: “And what tribe are you?”
Nikolaeva: ʹAnd who are you?ʹ
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
ŋəmke lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.nom
ńenećantᵊ lemma: nʹenecʹ 'person, human'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ťeχe lemma: tʹexe 'that'
form: sg.nom
translation: (Young man answered:) “My old tribe was probably Waya.”
paŋkᵊmʹi lemma: paŋk° 'tribe'
form: sg.nom.poss-1sg
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ŋǣdakiᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.prob
| | 19: | ńumʹi lemma: nʹu 'name'
form: sg.nom.poss-1sg
translation: “My name is Lobeku.”
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
translation: (Younger Waya asked:) “If you are Waya, how did you end up in this camp, the Tungus camp?”
ŋǣbᵊɁnantᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: cond-emph.poss-2sg
χəćerᵊɁ lemma: xəcʹer°q 'how''how'
form: interrogative
jerʹemʹanᵊ lemma: yerʹemʹa 'happen (to come?)'
form: 2sg.prs
ťukuᵊ lemma: tʹuku 'this'
form: demonstrative
ŋīsinᵊɁ lemma: ŋeso 'camp'
form: sg.dat
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊɁ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf.gen
ŋīsinᵊɁ lemma: ŋeso 'camp'
form: sg.dat
ŋawᵊnanta lemma: ŋaw°na 'past'
form: adv.poss-3sg
translation: (Lobeku said:) “Long ago I had two elder brothers, both Wayas.”
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ńeᵊkamʹi lemma: nʹe°ka 'elder brother'
form: sg.nom/acc.poss-1sg
təńaweśᵊ lemma: tənʹa 'exist'
form: 3sg.pst.infr
jiľebćəje lemma: yilʹebcʹə° 'wild reindeer'
form: pl.gen
translation: “They went to hunt for wild reindeer.”
ńamᵊna lemma: nʹamna 'about'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.abl
χańewənćᵊ lemma: xanʹe 'hunt'
form: conv.purp
χəjaχənćᵊ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3dl.pst
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: “When they left, they never came back.”
χǣbᵊɁnanťiɁ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: cond-emph.poss-3dl
pirᵊdərʹiɁ lemma: pir°də 'back'
form: adv.lim
ńiχənćᵊ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.3dl.pst
tuɁ lemma: to° 'come'
form: conneg
χəńaχᵊwana lemma: xənʹax°wana 'somewhere'
form: adverb
translation: “They must have died somewhere.”
jəŋkumeχᵊɁ lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg.3dl.prs.infr
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: “After that the Tungus chief came,”
ťikaχədᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: sg.abl
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
tośᵊ lemma: to° 'come'
form: 3sg.pst
śidᵊńiɁ lemma: sʹid° 'we (2)'
form: 1dl.acc
translation: “(and) he took us in.”
χanaəśᵊ lemma: xana 'take'
form: 3sg.pst
ŋəďᵊbʹańi lemma: ŋədʹ°bʹa 'therefore'
form: adv.poss-1sg
translation: “That’s why I live in this camp with my mother now.”
ťedaɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adverb
ńebʹańi lemma: nʹebʹa 'mother'
form: sg.gen.poss-1sg
ńaɁ lemma: nʹah 'to, with'
form: preposition
”grammaticalized non-local meaning ʹwithʹ” (N. 52)
ťukuᵊ lemma: tʹuku 'this'
form: demonstrative
ŋīsiχᵊna lemma: ŋeso 'camp'
form: sg.loc
jiľedᵊm lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 1sg.prs
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya said:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
maɁ lemma: ma 'say'
form: conneg
ńiwᵊɁ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg
alt.analysis: dub
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: “I have killed all the Tungus now.”
lit. ʹall our Tungusʹ ?
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊńi lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf.poss-1pl
| | 20: | malᵊɁ lemma: mal°h 'all'
form: adjective
χadejənəśᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 1sg.pst.obj-pl
pidərᵊ lemma: pidər°
form: 2sg.nom
translation: “You take down your tent,”
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
mʹalᵊ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.nom.poss-2sg
χaɁwᵊradᵊ lemma: xaqw°ra° 'bundle'
form: 2sg.imp
jamtaχᵊwaɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: 1pl.hort
translation: “(and) let’s move on.”
puχućako lemma: puxucʹa 'old woman, wife'
form: sg.nom.dim
translation: The old woman ate some food or maybe not, but she took down the tent.
jedᵊmta lemma: yed° 'kettle'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
ŋəmtakiᵊ lemma: ŋəm 'eat'
form: 3sg.prs.prob
ńińakiᵊ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.3sg.prs.prob
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
mʹata lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
χaɁwᵊraᵊ lemma: xaqw°ra° 'bundle'
form: 3sg.prs
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya ordered:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
tabʹedaᵊda lemma: tabʹeda° 'order'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
translation: “Lobeku, if you have good reindeer, only good reindeer should be harnessed in our caravan.”
lit. ʹour caravan should be harnessed by good reindeer onlyʹ ?
səwa lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adjective
tītᵊ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.gen
tənᵊabᵊɁ lemma: tənʹa 'exist'
form: cond.poss-3sg
mʹūdᵊwaɁ lemma: mʹūd° 'caravan'
form: sg.nom.poss-1pl
səwarʹi lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: sg.nom.lim
teχᵊɁna lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.loc
poďermiᵊ lemma: podʹer 'harness'
form: ptcp-pf
ŋǣᵊja lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.juss
tajᵊkuna lemma: tay°kuna 'there'
form: adv.loc
translation: “There are some good sledges over there.”
səwa lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adjective
χənᵊɁ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: pl.nom
təńaᵊɁ lemma: tənʹa 'exist'
form: 3pl.prs
ťikiᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: demonstrative
translation: “Choose a sledge for yourself from among those sledges.”
χənᵊχətᵊ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: pl.abl
χənᵊdərᵊ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.nom.predest-2sg
sodaɁ lemma: soda° 'take along'
form: 2sg.imp
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
translation: Lobeku took ten sledges, ten Tungus sledges.
jūɁ lemma: yūq '10'
form: text numeral
χənᵊm lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.acc
sodaᵊ lemma: soda° 'take along'
form: 3sg.prs
jūɁ lemma: yūq '10'
form: text numeral
tuŋkosᵊɁ lemma: tuŋkos° 'Tungus'
form: sg.gen
χənᵊm lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.acc
tīda lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.acc.poss-3d
translation: He harnessed his reindeer.
poďerjəda lemma: podʹer 'harness'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-pl
| | 21: | ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya said:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: “No matter how many reindeer the Tungus had, let them walk behind our caravan.”
padᵊwińi lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf.gen.poss-1sg
tiɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.nom
śaŋokᵊ lemma: sʹaŋok° 'how many'
form: interrogative
ŋǣsa lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.inter
interrogative mood (N. 97)
təŋokᵊ lemma: təŋok° 'this many'
form: relative
mʹūdᵊnaɁ lemma: mʹūd° 'caravan'
form: sg.gen.poss-1pl
pūmna lemma: pūmna 'behind'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
tanawiᵊ lemma: tana 'walk'
form: ptcp-pf
ŋǣᵊjaɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3pl.juss
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
translation: “The Tungus usually have many reindeer,”
padᵊwiᵊɁ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf.pl.gen
tīdoɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.nom.poss-3pl
ŋoka lemma: ŋoka 'many'
form: adjective
ŋǣśᵊtiɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3pl.hab
ťukuᵊ lemma: tʹuku 'this'
form: demonstrative
translation: “(but) all these reindeer were probably stolen.”
tiɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.nom
malᵊɁ lemma: mal°h 'all'
form: adjective
taľewiᵊ lemma: talʹe 'steal'
form: ptcp-pf
ŋǣdakiᵊɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3pl.prs.prob
ŋəďᵊbʹańi lemma: ŋədʹ°bʹa 'therefore'
form: adverb
translation: “That’s why I say that it would be best to take them all away.”
madᵊm lemma: ma 'say'
form: 1sg.prs
malᵊɁ lemma: mal°h 'all'
form: adjective
χanabᵊɁ lemma: xana 'take'
form: cond.poss-3sg
səwa lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adjective
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: Then they moved on.
jamtejədᵊɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: 3pl.prs.refl
ńuďa lemma: nʹudʹa 'little'
form: adjective
translation: Younger Waya reached (the place where) his murdered brother lay.
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
χadawiᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: ptcp-pf
ńeᵊkaχənta lemma: nʹe°ka 'elder brother'
form: sg.dat.poss-3sg
tǣwiᵊɁ lemma: tǣwi° 'arrive'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
tīda lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
translation: He unharnessed his reindeer,
ŋǣdaᵊ lemma: ŋǣda° 'unharness'
form: 3sg.prs
χalmʹerᵊmta lemma: xalmʹer° 'corpse'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
translation: (and) he put the dead body on the sledge.
χənᵊɁ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.gen
ńiɁ lemma: nʹih 'onto'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.dat
peŋada lemma: peŋa 'put'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: After a while they reached older Waya’s camp.
ťikaχədᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: sg.abl
ŋəmkeɁ lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.gen
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
WajᵊɁ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen
ŋīsinᵊɁ lemma: ŋeso 'camp'
form: sg.dat
tǣwiədᵊɁ lemma: tǣwi° 'arrive'
form: 3pl.prs.refl
| | 22: | χalmʹerəmtoɁ lemma: xalmʹer° 'corpse'
form: sg.acc.poss-3pl
translation: They put the dead body onto two skins.
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
χobaɁ lemma: xoba 'skin'
form: sg.gen
ńiɁ lemma: nʹih 'onto'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.dat
peŋadoɁ lemma: peŋa 'put'
form: 3pl.prs.obj-sg
LobekuɁ lemma: Lobeku
form: sg.gen
translation: Lobeku’s mother said:
ńebʹa lemma: nʹebʹa 'mother'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
ŋəmćida lemma: ŋəmcʹida 'flesh, muscles'
form: sg.nom
translation: “His muscles are still good.”
təmna lemma: təmna 'still'
form: adverb
səwaɁ lemma: səwa 'good'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
χədᵊrʹiɁ lemma: xəd°rʹih 'of course'
form: adv.dat.lim
translation: “I might try to revive him.”
jiľebťeᵊ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: conv.mod.caus
χortanakewᵊ lemma: xorta 'try'
form: 1sg.prs.prob.obj-sg
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: “Make a big fire now!”
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
tudᵊmdaɁ lemma: tu 'fire'
form: sg.acc.predest-2pl
pʹataᵊdaɁ lemma: pʹata 'ignite'
form: 2pl.imp
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: They made a big fire.
tumtoɁ lemma: tu 'fire'
form: sg.acc.poss-3pl
pʹataᵊɁ lemma: pʹata 'ignite'
form: 3pl.prs
ťikawaχəna lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: sg.nom.aff
translation: Then Lobeku’s mother laid herself on the dead body,
LobekuɁ lemma: Lobeku
form: sg.gen
ńebʹa lemma: nʹebʹa 'mother'
form: sg.nom
χalmʹernta lemma: xalmʹer
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
ńiɁ lemma: nʹih 'onto'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.dat
pinťerjᵊɁ lemma: pintʹery° 'lay'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: cc
translation: and she kicked around its flanks.
χǣwᵊχeta lemma: xǣw°xe 'be aside'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
ptcp-ipf ?
ńamna lemma: nʹamna 'about'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.abl
suχubtaᵊda lemma: suxubta° 'kick'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
χawiᵊ lemma: xa 'die'
form: ptcp-pf
translation: The dead man moved his arms and legs,
ńenećᵊɁ lemma: nʹenecʹ 'person, human'
form: sg.gen
ŋuďida lemma: ŋudʹi 'arm'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
ŋǣda lemma: ŋǣ (2) 'leg'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
məncabtejᵊda lemma: məncabte 'move'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-pl
sǣwᵊda lemma: sǣw° 'eye'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
translation: and he opened his eyes.
ńaŋkᵊrŋa lemma: nʹaŋk°rŋa 'open'
form: 3sg.prs
LobekuɁ lemma: Lobeku
form: sg.gen
translation: Lobeku’s mother said:
ńebʹa lemma: nʹebʹa 'mother'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
təmnarka lemma: təmna 'still'
form: adv.comp
translation: “It’s not over yet.”
comparative -rka: comparison, low intensity (N. 133)
| | 23: | ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: “Let him lie in the heat of the big fire.”
tuɁ lemma: tu 'fire'
form: sg.gen
jaďoχəna lemma: yadʹo 'heat'
form: sg.loc
jūśidaᵊja lemma: yūsʹida 'lie'
form: 3sg.juss
pūna lemma: pūna 'after'
form: adv.loc
translation: “Later he will sit up himself.”
χərᵊta lemma: xər° 'self'
form: refl.3sg
ŋamťoᵊ lemma: ŋamtʹi 'sit'
form: conv.mod
χaɁmᵊcuɁ lemma: xaqmor 'fall'
form: 3sg.nec.refl
ŋəmkeɁ lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.gen
translation: After a while older Waya sat up.
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ŋamťoᵊ lemma: ŋamtʹi 'sit'
form: conv.mod
χaɁmiᵊɁ lemma: xaqmor 'fall'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
jiľena lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: ptcp-ipf
translation: He came back to life.
lit. ʹhe went in likeness of a living manʹ ?
ńenećᵊɁ lemma: nʹenecʹ 'person, human'
form: sg.gen
toɁlᵊχaŋeᵊ lemma: toql°xa 'like'
form: sg.nom.ess
χəja lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3sg.prs
LobekuɁ lemma: Lobeku
form: sg.gen
translation: Lobeku’s mother said:
ńebʹa lemma: nʹebʹa 'mother'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: “I have brought older Waya back to life.”
Wajᵊmʹi lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.acc.poss-1sg
jiľebťeᵊwəśᵊ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 1sg.prs.caus.obj-sg
ŋotaŋoɁ lemma: ŋotaŋoq 'anyway'
form: particle
translation: “But in any case I myself won’t live long.”
χərᵊɁnᵊ lemma: xər° 'self'
form: refl.1sg
ponᵊkuɁ lemma: pon°ku 'long'
form: adv.dat
jiľewəntadᵊm lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: ptcp-fut.poss-1sg
wuńidᵊm lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.1sg
ŋaɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: conneg
χədᵊrʹiɁ lemma: xəd°rʹih 'of course'
form: adv.dat.lim
translation: “I will probably die.”
χawᵊntarᵊχadᵊm lemma: xa 'die'
form: 1sg.fut.aprx
χabᵊɁnańi lemma: xa 'die'
form: cond-emph.poss-1sg
translation: “When I die, that tent over there will be used as my death bed.”
lit. ʹin case of my dying, I may use ...ʹ
tajᵊkujᵊ lemma: tay°kuy° 'that'
form: demonstrative
mʹaɁmʹi lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.acc.poss-1sg
mʹarontəńi lemma: mʹaron 'dying tent'
form: sg.gen.predest-1sg
mebcakewᵊ lemma: me 'use, take'
form: 1sg.pot.obj-sg
potential mood: 1st person expresses a promise for event in a remote time, a mere possibility (N. 92)
| | 24: | məńᵊ lemma: mənʹ 'I'
form: 1sg.nom
translation: “After I die, kill a reindeer calf by the door of my tent,”
χaɁmaχədᵊńi lemma: xa 'die'
form: an-pf.abl.poss-1sg
mʹaɁńi lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.gen.poss-1sg
ńoχᵊna lemma: nʹo 'door'
form: sg.loc
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
suᵊɁľakom lemma: su°qlʹa 'calf'
form: sg.acc.dim
χadajidaɁ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 2pl.subj
śīᵊɁ lemma: sʹīŋ 'side against an entrance'
form: sg.gen
translation: “(and) kill a reindeer bull at the side on entrance.”
ńana lemma: nʹa 'at'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
χoram lemma: xora 'bull'
form: sg.acc
χadajidaɁ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: 2pl.subj
ťikanta lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: sg.gen.poss-3sg
translation: “That will be enough.”
maśᵊ lemma: masʹ° 'enough'
form: adverb
ŋǣŋku lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.fut
məńᵊ lemma: mənʹ 'I'
form: 1sg.nom
translation: “I will become a spirit protector for women.”
lit. ʹI will go further as a spirit-grannyʹ ?
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
jamʹīńa lemma: yamʹīnʹa 'female spirit'
form: sg.nom
puχućaŋeᵊ lemma: puxucʹa 'old woman, wife'
form: sg.nom.ess
χanᵊtəədᵊm lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 1sg.fut
ťi lemma: tʹi 'this, thus'
form: demonstrative
translation: That’s what they did.
tərʹem lemma: tərʹem 'so'
form: particle
śertaᵊdoɁ lemma: sʹerta 'do'
form: 3pl.prs.obj-sg
tərʹem lemma: tərʹem 'so'
form: particle
translation: After that, older Waya said:
śertamaχᵊdəntoɁ lemma: sʹerta 'do'
form: an-pf.abl.poss-3pl
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
χədᵊrʹiɁ lemma: xəd°rʹih 'of course'
form: adv.dat.lim
translation: “We’ll definitely move on.”
jamtaŋkunaɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: 1pl.fut.refl
ťedaχəwᵊɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: “We have many reindeer now,”
tīnaɁ lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.nom.poss-1pl
ŋokańuɁ lemma: ŋoka 'many'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: excl
ńesejᵊ lemma: nʹesey° 'new'
form: adjective
translation: “it would be best to move on.”
janᵊɁ lemma: ya 'place'
form: sg.dat
jamtabᵊɁ lemma: yamta 'move'
form: cond
səwa lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adjective
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: So they moved on.
jamtejədᵊɁ lemma: yamteyə 'move on'
form: 3pl.prs.refl
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: They put up their tents in the middle of a big plain.
ləbtaɁ lemma: ləbta 'plain'
form: sg.gen
jerńa lemma: yer 'middle'
form: sg.loc
mʹatoɁ lemma: mʹa 'tent'
form: sg.acc.poss-3pl
mʹarəᵊɁ lemma: mʹarə° 'build'
form: 3pl.prs
| | 25: | śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
translation: Both Wayas were hunting again, Lobeku too.
lit. ʹхождаахѫ ловитъʹ
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
χańewənćᵊ lemma: xanʹe 'hunt'
form: conv.purp
χǣśᵊtiχᵊɁ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3dl.hab
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
ŋobtərʹem lemma: ŋobtərʹem 'so, too'
form: adverb
joᵊrpətoɁ lemma: yo°r 'fish'
form: cond.poss-3pl
translation: They went fishing as well.
lit. ʹif they would fish, there were fishingʹ ?
joᵊrćətiᵊɁ lemma: yo°r 'fish'
form: 3pl.hab
WǣɁnujᵊ lemma: wǣqnuy° 'spring'
form: sg.nom
translation: Spring came.
”Some weather-related expressions are formally transitive” (N. 229)
nuwoda lemma: num 'sky'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
pʹajᵊda lemma: pʹa 'begin'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
ŋəwoɁ lemma: ŋəwoq 'once'
form: adverb
translation: One day, Lobeku said to the two Wayas:
pʹirᵊkəɁna lemma: pʹir° 'likeness'
form: pl.loc
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
χasawa lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.nom
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
Wajᵊχəjuta lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: dl.gen.poss-3sg
ńaɁ lemma: nʹah 'to, with'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.dat
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
judemʹi lemma: yude 'dream'
form: sg.nom.poss-1sg
translation: “I had a dream.”
lit. ʹa dream of mine existsʹ
təńaᵊ lemma: tənʹa 'exist'
form: 3sg.prs
juderpəɁnańi lemma: yude 'dream'
form: cond-emph.poss-1sg
translation: “In my dream a traveller came here from the place where that Tungus was killed,”
śenejᵊ lemma: sʹenʹey° 'before, old'
form: adverb
Cyr. writing is the same for sʹeney° and sʹenʹey° used above.
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊm lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf.acc
χadaɁmaχədᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: an-pf.abl
təɁľᵊńaɁ lemma: təqlʹ°nʹah 'to here'
form: adv.dat
ŋǣdaľoda lemma: ŋǣdal 'travel'
form: ptcp-ipf
mʹiŋa lemma: mʹim 'walk'
form: 3sg.prs
mʹintarᵊχa lemma: mʹim 'walk'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
”present and past [approximative] exist in perfective and imperfective forms” (N. 101)
śenejᵊ lemma: sʹenʹey° 'before, old'
form: adverb
translation: “It seems that that murdered Tungus chief is alive,”
χadawiᵊ lemma: xada 'kill, hunt'
form: ptcp-pf
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
jiľenarᵊχa lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
təɁľᵊńaɁ lemma: təqlʹ°nʹah 'to here'
form: adv.dat
translation: “and he is coming here.”
mʹintarᵊχa lemma: mʹim 'walk'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
tonarᵊχa lemma: to° 'come'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
ńirᵊχawiᵊ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg.3sg.prs.rep
translation: “It seems he didn’t die.”
reportative -rəxawi: unwitnessed event known from hearsay, speaker less certain than in inferential (N. 96)
χaɁ lemma: xa 'die'
form: conneg
| | 26: | śanᵊrʹi lemma: sʹan° 'some''some'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: sg.nom.lim
translation: A few days passed.
jaľa lemma: yalʹa 'day'
form: sg.nom
χǣnakiᵊ lemma: xǣ 'go'
form: 3sg.prs.prob
ŋəmkeɁ lemma: ŋəmke 'what'
form: sg.gen
translation: After a while a traveller did indeed appear.
jolćᵊŋkəna lemma: yolcʹ°ŋkəna 'during'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.loc
ťi lemma: tʹi 'this, thus'
form: adverb
ŋǣɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: conneg
ńīwᵊɁ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg
alt.analysis: dub
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
ŋǣdaľoda lemma: ŋǣdal 'travel'
form: ptcp-ipf
ńeneśarʹi lemma: nʹenesʹa 'truth'
form: sg.nom.lim
ŋoɁ lemma: ŋoq 'too'
form: adverb
ŋəďimʹa lemma: ŋədʹi 'be visible'
form: 3sg.prs.inch
śīɁwᵊ lemma: sʹīqw° 'seven'
form: text numeral
translation: He came riding seven reindeer does.
χabtᵊrkam lemma: xabt°rka 'reindeer doe'
form: sg.acc
meɁŋa lemma: me 'use, take'
form: 3sg.prs
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: Older Waya said to Lobeku:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
χasawanᵊɁ lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.dat
ma lemma: ma 'say'
form: 3sg.prs
judena lemma: yude 'dream'
form: sg.loc
translation: “Is this the one you dreamt about?”
məneɁmerᵊ lemma: məneq 'see'
form: ptcp-pf.poss-2sg
ťi lemma: tʹi 'this, thus'
form: demonstrative
ŋaᵊɁ lemma: ŋa°q 'yes'
form: particle
translation: (Lobeku said:) “Yes, it seems to be him.”
ťikarᵊ lemma: tʹiki° 'this'
form: demonstrative
alt.analysis: sg.nom.poss-2sg
ŋǣdarᵊχańuɁ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.prs.aprx-ipf
alt.analysis: excl
śijekᵊmʹi lemma: sʹiyek° 'lie'
form: sg.nom.poss-1sg
translation: “I don’t lie.”
jəŋku lemma: yəŋku 'no'
form: neg
tə lemma: tə (2) 'then'
form: adverb
translation: (Older Waya said:) “Then let him come!”
ŋǣᵊja lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.juss
ŋǣᵊja lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.juss
tojawa lemma: to° 'come'
form: 3sg.juss
alt.analysis: asrt
ńeneśa lemma: nʹenesʹa 'truth'
form: sg.nom
translation: The Tungus chief was indeed coming,
ŋoɁ lemma: ŋoq 'too'
form: adverb
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
mʹiŋa lemma: mʹiŋa 'move'
form: 3sg.prs
śīɁwᵊ lemma: sʹīqw° 'seven'
form: text numeral
translation: he travelled using seven reindeer does.
χabtᵊrkam lemma: xabt°rka 'reindeer doe'
form: sg.acc
mećᵊ lemma: me 'use, take'
form: conv.mod
ŋǣdaliᵊ lemma: ŋǣdaley° 'start travel'
form: 3sg.prs
məľeᵊ lemma: məlʹe° 'already'
form: adverb
translation: He was already close by.
təɁľᵊńaɁ lemma: təqlʹ°nʹah 'to here'
form: adv.dat
toᵊ lemma: to° 'come'
form: 3sg.prs
ńero lemma: nʹero 'willow bush'
form: sg.nom
translation: He was about to cross the river with bushes,
jəχam lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.acc
mədaŋkudaśᵊ lemma: məda 'cut'
form: 3sg.fut-pst.obj-sg
śīɁwᵊ lemma: sʹīqw° 'seven'
form: text numeral
translation: (but) his seven reindeer does suddenly jerked.
“This can perhaps be literally interpreted as ‘to (suddenly) pull on the harness’ even though the referent ‘harness’ does not need to have been mentioned previously.” (N. 230)
χabtᵊrkada lemma: xabt°rka 'reindeer doe'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
lerᵊkəbtᵊɁ lemma: ler°kəbt°h 'suddenly'
form: adverb
wərćadᵊťeᵊdoɁ lemma: wərcʹad°tʹe° 'pull'
form: 3pl.prs.obj-sg
pida lemma: pida 'he'
form: m.3sg.nom
translation: He fell from the sledge and sank into the water.
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
χənᵊχədᵊ lemma: xən° 'sledge'
form: sg.abl
ľaśoᵊ lemma: lʹasi° 'lie'
form: conv.mod
χaɁmiᵊɁ lemma: xaqmor 'fall'
form: 3sg.prs.refl
jitᵊɁ lemma: yi 'water'
form: sg.dat
sejəᵊ lemma: seyə° 'sink'
form: 3sg.prs
śanᵊ lemma: sʹan° 'some''some'
form: adjective
translation: He couldn’t be seen any longer.
lit. ʹindeed, anything (of him) was not visibleʹ ?
ńī lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg
ŋəďiwᵊɁ lemma: ŋədʹi 'be visible'
form: 3sg.prs
alt.analysis: dub
jitᵊɁ lemma: yi 'water'
form: sg.dat
translation: He probably drowned.
sejənakiᵊ lemma: seyə° 'sink'
form: 3sg.prs.prob
ťi lemma: tʹi 'this, thus'
form: demonstrative
translation: When this happened, Lobeku grabbed his lasso,
tərća lemma: tərcʹa 'such'
form: adjective
śerᵊɁ lemma: sʹer° 'thing'
form: sg.gen
ŋǣśᵊ lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: conv.mod
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
χasawa lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.nom
tīnćamta lemma: tīncʹa 'lasso'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
ńəɁməᵊda lemma: nʹəqm° 'grab'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
tǣmkᵊm lemma: tǣmk° 'good reindeer'
form: sg.acc
translation: (and) he caught the (Tungus chief’s) best reindeer, while the does were climbing up to the riverbank.
jarkəᵊda lemma: yarkə° 'catch'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
χabtᵊrkita lemma: xabt°rka 'reindeer doe'
form: pl.gen.poss-3sg
jəχaɁ lemma: yəxa 'river'
form: sg.gen
waruwəna lemma: war° 'bank'
form: sg.prol
tənᵊdananᵊɁ lemma: tən°da 'climb'
form: ptcp-ipf.dat
tədᵊ lemma: təd° 'then'
form: adverb
translation: Then he unharnessed his reindeer.
tīda lemma: ti 'reindeer'
form: pl.acc.poss-3sg
ŋǣdejᵊda lemma: ŋǣda° 'unharness'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-pl
| | 27: | ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
translation: Older Waya said:
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
maɁ lemma: ma 'say'
form: conneg
ńiwᵊɁ lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg
alt.analysis: dub
tərʹem lemma: tərʹem 'so'
form: particle
translation: “Let it be so.”
ŋǣᵊja lemma: ŋǣ 'be'
form: 3sg.juss
śīɁwᵊ lemma: sʹīqw° 'seven'
form: text numeral
translation: “We will harness his seven reindeer does.”
χabtᵊrkamta lemma: xabt°rka 'reindeer doe'
form: sg.acc.poss-3sg
məńaɁ lemma: mənʹaq 'we'
form: 1sg.nom
metᵊnakewaɁ lemma: me 'use, take'
form: 1pl.fut.prob
ťedaχəwaɁ lemma: tʹedah 'now'
form: adv.aff
translation: “Now that the Tungus chief has drowned in the river, he will surely die,”
śaɁ lemma: sʹaq 'face'
form: sg.nom
padᵊwiᵊ lemma: pad° 'paint'
form: ptcp-pf
jerwᵊ lemma: yerw° 'master'
form: sg.nom
jitᵊɁ lemma: yi 'water'
form: sg.dat
sejəɁmaχədᵊ lemma: seyə° 'sink'
form: an-pf.abl
pʹiľiɁ lemma: pʹilʹiq 'always'
form: adverb
χaŋku lemma: xa 'die'
form: 3sg.fut
śanᵊ lemma: sʹan° 'some''some'
form: adjective
translation: “(and) he won’t come back.”
ńī lemma: nʹī 'not'
form: neg
tūtᵊɁ lemma: to° 'come'
form: conneg.fut
χurkaśiɁ lemma: xurka 'which, what kind of'
form: sg.nom.car
translation: “We will probably live without any troubles.”
χəraśiɁ lemma: xəra
form: sg.nom.car
jiľeŋkodakewaɁ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 1pl.fut.prob
ťi lemma: tʹi 'this, thus'
form: demonstrative
translation: This is the end of my tale.
ləχᵊnakońi lemma: ləx°nako 'tale'
form: sg.gen.poss-1sg
tə lemma: tə (2) 'then'
form: adverb
walakəda lemma: walakə 'end'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
translation: The two Wayas started living with Lobeku in the same camp.
Wajᵊ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.nom
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
χasawa lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.nom
ŋob lemma: ŋob '1'
form: text numeral
ŋīsiχəna lemma: ŋeso 'camp'
form: sg.loc
jiľeᵊ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: conv.mod
pʹaᵊdoɁ lemma: pʹa 'begin'
form: 3pl.obj-pl
Lobeku lemma: Lobeku
form: noun
translation: Lobeku married older Waya’s daughter.
lit. ʹtook for a wifeʹ
χasawa lemma: xasawa 'man'
form: sg.nom
ŋarka lemma: ŋarka 'big'
form: adjective
WajᵊɁ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen
ńe lemma: nʹe 'woman'
form: nmod
ńūm lemma: nʹū 'child'
form: sg.acc
ńedᵊnta lemma: nʹe 'woman'
form: sg.gen.dim.predest-3sg
meᵊda lemma: me 'use, take'
form: 3sg.prs.obj-sg
səwawᵊna lemma: səwa 'good'
form: adjective
alt.analysis: sg.prol
translation: He started to live well
jiľeljᵊɁ lemma: yilʹe 'live'
form: 3sg.prs.inch.refl
śiďa lemma: sʹidʹa '2'
form: text numeral
translation: And the two Wayas kept hunting wild reindeer,
WajᵊɁ lemma: Waya 'Waya'
form: sg.gen
ŋańiɁ lemma: ŋanʹih 'more'
form: adverb
jiľebćəɁ lemma: yilʹebcʹə
form: sg.gen
ńamna lemma: nʹamna 'about'
form: preposition
alt.analysis: adv.abl
χańeśətiχᵊɁ lemma: xanʹe 'hunt'
form: 3dl.hab
χaľam lemma: xalʹa 'fish'
form: sg.acc
translation: and (they kept) catching fish.
χadabəśᵊtiχᵊɁ lemma: xadabə 'catch'
form: 3dl.hab
Ləχᵊnakońi lemma: ləx°nako 'tale'
form: sg.gen.poss-1sg
translation: That’s the end of my tale.
lit. ʹsuch (is) the likeness of my taleʹ
pʹirᵊda lemma: pʹir° 'likeness'
form: sg.nom.poss-3sg
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